Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
De Morgan, Sophia E. "Memoir of Augustus De Morgan." Google Books. Longmans, Green, and Company, 1882. Web. 28 Oct. 2014.
This book is a memoir written by the wife of Augustus De Morgan, a logician and mathematician. She had met Ada Lovelace, and in the memoir she mentions and describes Lovelace as she was seen by both Sophia De Morgan and her husband. This memoir is important because it shows how unusual Ada was for a girl in the 1840s.
"Grace Hopper on Letterman." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1- vcErOPofQ>.
This is a video of Grace Hopper on the Letterman show. They discuss some of Grace's achievements and silly incidents in Grace's life. This is important because it shows how Grace Hopper made a significant impact on computer science.
"Grace Hopper: She Taught Computers to Talk." CBSNews. CBS Interactive, n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2014. <http://www. cbsnews.com/news/grace-hopper-she-taught-computers-to-talk/>.
In this video, Grace's accomplishments in computer science are discussed. It also shows her teaching students and giving her usual speech about nanoseconds. This video is important because it displays Grace's achievements and personality.
Hopper, Grace M. "Computer Oral History Collection, 1969-1973, 1977." Interview by Uta C. Merzbach. AM History. Smithsonian National Museum of American History, n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2014. <http://amhistory.si.edu/archives/ AC0196_hopp690204.pdf>.
This is an interview of Grace Hopper. She discusses her early work with the MARK I and her work with UNIVAC. This is important because she played influential roles in the use of both machines and both machines were early computers that were the basis of every computer today.
Lovelace, Ada King, and Betty A. Toole. Ada, the Enchantress of Numbers: A Selection from the Letters of Lord Byron's Daughter and Her Description of the First Computer. Mill Valley, CA: Strawberry, 1992. Print.
This is a compilation of letters and documents written by Ada Lovelace. In them she discusses the analytical machine and describes the first computer. These letters are important because they showed that Lovelace really understood the analytical machine and predicted its capabilities.
"Women of Eniac Part 3: WITI Hall of Fame 1997 Induction Video - Women In Technology International." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYom8tLbups>.
This is a video of Betty Holberton being inducted into the Women In Technology International Hall of Fame. This is important because it means Holberton was recognized for her outstanding achievements in computer science.
Secondary Sources
"The 15 Most Important Women in Tech History." Maximum PC. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://www. maximumpc.com/article/features/15_most_important_women_tech_history>.
This website gives brief descriptions of 15 women influential to technology. This is a good starting point to find a person to discuss and then do more research to elaborate.
"Ada Byron King (aka Ada Lovelace)." The Ada Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <https://www.women.cs. cmu.edu/ada/Resources/Women/>.
This website lists chronologically many women who were influential to computer science. This is important because it helps establish a timeline of when certain women lived, and provides information about which of those women worked together.
"Ada Lovelace: The First Computer Programmer." Mental Floss. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <http://mentalfloss.com /article/53131/ada-lovelace-first-computer-programmer>.
This website provides a relatively thorough background of Ada Lovelace and her work with Babbage's analytical engine. This is important because Lovelace is considered the first programmer and her work wight he analytical engine is seen as the first program. Ada also predicted what a computer might be able to do in the future.
"Admiral Hopper Awarded the National Medal of Technology." Cs.yale.edu. Yale, n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://www. cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/Files/hopper-medal.html>.
This website discusses when Grace Hopper was awarded by the president. This is important because it shows how successful Grace was and how influential her work was.
"AWC - Programmed to Succeed: Betty Holberton - by Rachel K. Adelson." AWC - Programmed to Succeed: Betty Holberton - by Rachel K. Adelson. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2014. <https://web.archive.org/web /20080109004905/http://www.awc-hq.org/livewire/199705.html>.
This website discusses Betty Holberton and some of her achievements. This is important because Holberton was one of the original six ENIAC programmers.
"Betty Holberton." - GHN: IEEE Global History Network. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <http://www.ieeeghn.org/ wiki/index.php/Betty_Holberton>.
This website provides a biography of Betty Holberton. This is useful for summarizing Holberton's work and showing how hard she worked to accomplish her goals.
Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <http://www.biography.com/people/ada-lovelace- 20825323>.
This website gives a brief biography of Ada Lovelace and somewhat explains why her work was important. This website is useful for summarizing Ada's work and giving context for the time she lived in.
"Deliberatepixel / Why the "Women in Technology" Thing Really Matters." Deliberatepixel / Why the "Women in Technology" Thing Really Matters. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2014. <http://www.deliberatepixel.com/2011/04/28/why-the- women-in-technology-thing-really-matters>.
This website discusses the importance of women in technology. This website is important because it helps support the idea that women's contributions to computer science shouldn't be forgotten.
"Eniac - The First Eniac Programmer Was Jean Bartik." About.com Inventors. About.com, n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2014. <http://inventors.about.com/od/bstartinventors/p/Jean_Bartik.htm>.
This website discusses Jean Bartik, one of the five ENIAC programmers who worked alongside Betty Holberton. This is important because the ENIAC was very important during World War II.
"Episode 576: When Women Stopped Coding." NPR. NPR, n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://www.npr.org/blogs/ money/2014/10/17/356944145/episode-576-when-women-stopped-coding>.
This website provides a discussion about women in computer science and shows a graph of the present of women majoring in computer science over the years. This website helps to prove the point that women's participation in computer science has declined drastically since the days of Grace Hopper and Betty Holberton. It shows that young women should be encouraged to pursue STEM careers.
"Frances Elizabeth "Betty" Holberton." Frances Elizabeth "Betty" Holberton. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <http://tiny. antville.org/stories/1271809/>.
This website briefly describes some accomplishments of Betty Holberton. This is important because it shows what Holberton found memorable.
"Grace Hopper and the Computer Bug." Grace Hopper and the Computer Bug. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2014. <http://www.anomalies-unlimited.com/Science/Grace%20Hooper.html>.
This website discusses the incident when Grace Hopper and her team found a moth in the computer. This is important because it shows the origins of the popular term "debugging."
"Grace Hopper, Computing Pioneer." Harvard Gazette. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://news.harvard.edu /gazette/story/2014/12/grace-hopper-computing-pioneer/>.
This website gives a very thorough biography of Grace Hopper. This is important because it gives many of Grace's accomplishments, including her lesser-known work on compilers.
"Harvard Mark I." History of Computing Science:. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <http://www.eingang.org/ Lecture/hmark1.html>.
This website gives a brief description of Grace Hopper's work on the MARK I. This is important because the MARK I provided vital calculations during World War II.
Lewis, Jone Johnson. "Grace Hopper Quotes." Women's History. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://womenshistory. about.com/od/quotes/a/grace_hopper.htm>.
This website gives a multitude of quotes by Grace Hopper. This is important because these quotes give insight into Grace's personality and work ethic.
"Quotes by Ada Lovelace." Quotes by Ada Lovelace. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2014. <http://strangewondrous.net /browse/author/l/lovelace+ada>.
This website provides quotes by Ada Lovelace. This is important because they show how intelligent Ada really was, and how different she was from a normal girl in her time.
De Morgan, Sophia E. "Memoir of Augustus De Morgan." Google Books. Longmans, Green, and Company, 1882. Web. 28 Oct. 2014.
This book is a memoir written by the wife of Augustus De Morgan, a logician and mathematician. She had met Ada Lovelace, and in the memoir she mentions and describes Lovelace as she was seen by both Sophia De Morgan and her husband. This memoir is important because it shows how unusual Ada was for a girl in the 1840s.
"Grace Hopper on Letterman." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1- vcErOPofQ>.
This is a video of Grace Hopper on the Letterman show. They discuss some of Grace's achievements and silly incidents in Grace's life. This is important because it shows how Grace Hopper made a significant impact on computer science.
"Grace Hopper: She Taught Computers to Talk." CBSNews. CBS Interactive, n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2014. <http://www. cbsnews.com/news/grace-hopper-she-taught-computers-to-talk/>.
In this video, Grace's accomplishments in computer science are discussed. It also shows her teaching students and giving her usual speech about nanoseconds. This video is important because it displays Grace's achievements and personality.
Hopper, Grace M. "Computer Oral History Collection, 1969-1973, 1977." Interview by Uta C. Merzbach. AM History. Smithsonian National Museum of American History, n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2014. <http://amhistory.si.edu/archives/ AC0196_hopp690204.pdf>.
This is an interview of Grace Hopper. She discusses her early work with the MARK I and her work with UNIVAC. This is important because she played influential roles in the use of both machines and both machines were early computers that were the basis of every computer today.
Lovelace, Ada King, and Betty A. Toole. Ada, the Enchantress of Numbers: A Selection from the Letters of Lord Byron's Daughter and Her Description of the First Computer. Mill Valley, CA: Strawberry, 1992. Print.
This is a compilation of letters and documents written by Ada Lovelace. In them she discusses the analytical machine and describes the first computer. These letters are important because they showed that Lovelace really understood the analytical machine and predicted its capabilities.
"Women of Eniac Part 3: WITI Hall of Fame 1997 Induction Video - Women In Technology International." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYom8tLbups>.
This is a video of Betty Holberton being inducted into the Women In Technology International Hall of Fame. This is important because it means Holberton was recognized for her outstanding achievements in computer science.
Secondary Sources
"The 15 Most Important Women in Tech History." Maximum PC. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://www. maximumpc.com/article/features/15_most_important_women_tech_history>.
This website gives brief descriptions of 15 women influential to technology. This is a good starting point to find a person to discuss and then do more research to elaborate.
"Ada Byron King (aka Ada Lovelace)." The Ada Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <https://www.women.cs. cmu.edu/ada/Resources/Women/>.
This website lists chronologically many women who were influential to computer science. This is important because it helps establish a timeline of when certain women lived, and provides information about which of those women worked together.
"Ada Lovelace: The First Computer Programmer." Mental Floss. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <http://mentalfloss.com /article/53131/ada-lovelace-first-computer-programmer>.
This website provides a relatively thorough background of Ada Lovelace and her work with Babbage's analytical engine. This is important because Lovelace is considered the first programmer and her work wight he analytical engine is seen as the first program. Ada also predicted what a computer might be able to do in the future.
"Admiral Hopper Awarded the National Medal of Technology." Cs.yale.edu. Yale, n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://www. cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/Files/hopper-medal.html>.
This website discusses when Grace Hopper was awarded by the president. This is important because it shows how successful Grace was and how influential her work was.
"AWC - Programmed to Succeed: Betty Holberton - by Rachel K. Adelson." AWC - Programmed to Succeed: Betty Holberton - by Rachel K. Adelson. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2014. <https://web.archive.org/web /20080109004905/http://www.awc-hq.org/livewire/199705.html>.
This website discusses Betty Holberton and some of her achievements. This is important because Holberton was one of the original six ENIAC programmers.
"Betty Holberton." - GHN: IEEE Global History Network. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <http://www.ieeeghn.org/ wiki/index.php/Betty_Holberton>.
This website provides a biography of Betty Holberton. This is useful for summarizing Holberton's work and showing how hard she worked to accomplish her goals.
Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <http://www.biography.com/people/ada-lovelace- 20825323>.
This website gives a brief biography of Ada Lovelace and somewhat explains why her work was important. This website is useful for summarizing Ada's work and giving context for the time she lived in.
"Deliberatepixel / Why the "Women in Technology" Thing Really Matters." Deliberatepixel / Why the "Women in Technology" Thing Really Matters. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2014. <http://www.deliberatepixel.com/2011/04/28/why-the- women-in-technology-thing-really-matters>.
This website discusses the importance of women in technology. This website is important because it helps support the idea that women's contributions to computer science shouldn't be forgotten.
"Eniac - The First Eniac Programmer Was Jean Bartik." About.com Inventors. About.com, n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2014. <http://inventors.about.com/od/bstartinventors/p/Jean_Bartik.htm>.
This website discusses Jean Bartik, one of the five ENIAC programmers who worked alongside Betty Holberton. This is important because the ENIAC was very important during World War II.
"Episode 576: When Women Stopped Coding." NPR. NPR, n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://www.npr.org/blogs/ money/2014/10/17/356944145/episode-576-when-women-stopped-coding>.
This website provides a discussion about women in computer science and shows a graph of the present of women majoring in computer science over the years. This website helps to prove the point that women's participation in computer science has declined drastically since the days of Grace Hopper and Betty Holberton. It shows that young women should be encouraged to pursue STEM careers.
"Frances Elizabeth "Betty" Holberton." Frances Elizabeth "Betty" Holberton. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <http://tiny. antville.org/stories/1271809/>.
This website briefly describes some accomplishments of Betty Holberton. This is important because it shows what Holberton found memorable.
"Grace Hopper and the Computer Bug." Grace Hopper and the Computer Bug. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2014. <http://www.anomalies-unlimited.com/Science/Grace%20Hooper.html>.
This website discusses the incident when Grace Hopper and her team found a moth in the computer. This is important because it shows the origins of the popular term "debugging."
"Grace Hopper, Computing Pioneer." Harvard Gazette. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://news.harvard.edu /gazette/story/2014/12/grace-hopper-computing-pioneer/>.
This website gives a very thorough biography of Grace Hopper. This is important because it gives many of Grace's accomplishments, including her lesser-known work on compilers.
"Harvard Mark I." History of Computing Science:. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <http://www.eingang.org/ Lecture/hmark1.html>.
This website gives a brief description of Grace Hopper's work on the MARK I. This is important because the MARK I provided vital calculations during World War II.
Lewis, Jone Johnson. "Grace Hopper Quotes." Women's History. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://womenshistory. about.com/od/quotes/a/grace_hopper.htm>.
This website gives a multitude of quotes by Grace Hopper. This is important because these quotes give insight into Grace's personality and work ethic.
"Quotes by Ada Lovelace." Quotes by Ada Lovelace. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2014. <http://strangewondrous.net /browse/author/l/lovelace+ada>.
This website provides quotes by Ada Lovelace. This is important because they show how intelligent Ada really was, and how different she was from a normal girl in her time.